Showing posts with label Technology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Technology. Show all posts

Tuesday, 16 August 2011

The Technology of Printer Ink


Thirty years ago, it was unimaginable for the ordinary home consumer to have their very own inkjet printer at home. Inkjet printers back then were clunky and expensive things, thus making them impractical for the typical home consumer to have at home. Things have changed, however, and now, thirty years later, printers are commonplace items that you will find in any home office.

Have you ever wondered how inkjet printers and their respective printer inks work? It is fascinating how the technology of printers and printer inks has evolved over time. Understanding the technology of these machines will definitely help you understand how your printer works, which can help prevent any trouble whenever you use your printer.

Inkjet Printing Processes

There are two types of inkjet printing processes primarily used in inkjet printers today. One is called the thermal inkjet process while the other is referred to as the piezoelectric inkjet process. The thermal inkjet process is highly favored by manufacturers such as Canon and Hewlett-Packard, while the piezoelectric inkjet process is the one predominantly used by Epson.

In the thermal inkjet process, the printer generates heat in order to push the printer ink out of the nozzles on its cartridge. Bubbles are created inside the printer ink cartridge when the printer ink is heated, and these bubbles are forced out of the nozzles using pressure. The bubbles burst and then the ink comes into contact with the printer. The vacuum created by the bursting bubble draws out more ink from the cartridge, which in turn is exposed to more heat to create more bubbles.

In the piezoelectric inkjet process, the pressure that is used to push droplets of printer ink out of the nozzles of the printer cartridge is created by piezo crystals. These piezo crystals contract and expand when exposed to electric charges, and their movement pushes ink out of the ink cartridge nozzles as well as draws out more ink necessary to create the printouts.

Processing the Ink

An printer processes its printer ink using a method called dithering. In dithering, a color pixel is broken up into a series of dots that can form a spectrum of colors. The basic colors that inkjet printers use in this process are cyan, magenta and yellow.

It takes a lot of precision to produce a dot when printing. Quality of any printout is determined largely by the number of dots per inch that the inkjet printer can produce, which is called the printer resolution, as well as by the number of layers of color graduations that a printer can make per dot. Theoretically, the higher the resolution of the printer is and the higher the number of graduations it can create, the better its print quality.

With the use of printer resolution and color graduation, an inkjet printer can create printouts featuring millions of colors, more than what the human eye can recognize. The number of colors that a printer can produce depends on what kind of printer it is. Photo-centric printers are focused on reproducing colors while inkjet printers for everyday document printing emphasize printer resolution more than color graduation.

This is how an inkjet printer and printer ink works basically. When you understand how your machine works, you will be able to use it more properly and prevent any trouble from occurring while you are using your printer.




This Article is written by John C Arkin from MyOfficePortal the contributor of Office Supplies Information & Resources. More information on the subject is at MyOfficePortal.org, and related resources can be found at Discount Printer Ink Cartridges.





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Friday, 12 August 2011

Which Printer? Right Technology, Right Choice


Whether you are responsible for a small home-based business, or a large company with many departments and workgroups, there are continuous choices to be made on the procurement of office equipment. Not least amongst these, is the selection of the appropriate printer technology for your business needs? Here in outline are the various technologies and their appropriate environment.

Personal Ink-Jets

Useful for one individual or a workgroup with a minimal colour printing needs, a low-cost personal ink-jet will be the best choice. Personal inkjet printers offer a low initial cost, plus the flexibility to print on a variety of media, such as promotional materials.

Business Ink-Jets

In a bigger business environment, or one where colour output is a major requirement, the workload is likely to be too great for a personal inkjet printer. Thus a unit designed specifically for business will fit the bill, offering a lower cost per page. Many business inkjets employ ink-saving technology and modular cartridges, which avoid the need to change the colour when you change the black and white cartridges, for example.

Laser Printers

Large companies demand more output of all kinds. Perhaps also the demand for colour output on standard-size paper may be addressed with a laser printer

Laser printers have invariably offered monochrome output in the past, but more and more colour-capable lasers are coming onto the market. For organisations with a heavy black-only output though, they still offer the lowest cost of monochrome printing, as opposed to ink-jets which offer a lower cost for colour output. Even so, the picture is changing, and there are some surprisingly low-cost colour lasers available.

Large or Wide Format Printers

Design work or over-size documents for displays require a special kind of printer - a large format printer capable of printing on very large paper (or other media) sheets. Factors to consider here are quality of output, colour capability, speed, networking capability and additional functions such as scanning and copying.

Photo Printers

A photo printer is essentially a personal colour ink-jet with a higher capability for printing on special photo paper. Naturally useful in the home, such printers have their use in the business environment - for example when there is a need to include quality photos in presentation packs for marketing purposes, or for use in training materials.

Business Colour or Full Colour?

For businesses requiring mission-critical exact colour reproduction (such as in the preparation of colour proofs, for example), then it is important to differentiate between machine which offer Black and Business Colour as opposed to the higher quality Full Colour specification.

Multifunction Printers or MFPs

The Multifunctional, All-in-One device combines print, copier, scanner and fax capability in a single machine. These systems are surprisingly compact and affordable. Indeed some MFPs start at prices below £200. However, in this category of printers, some hefty and powerful machines are available for Print for Pay and major corporate use, with a vast array of bolt-on systems for folding, stapling and collating documents.

Impact Printers

Rarer these days, but it is still possible to buy dot-matrix and even daisywheel devices for specialist impact applications, for example for such as multiple-copy form printing. Such printers tend to be more expensive, robust and bulky than the ink-jets and laser printers in more common use. Impact printers by definition are also much noisier in use.

Other factors - Stand-alone or Networked?

If you plan to share the printer in a workgroup on your office network, then network-ready functionality must be specified.

Speed of Operation

Businesses with a heavy output, or with a plan to share the printer among several users, a faster printer is important - and one that will avoid forcing staff to wait for printouts to get through the queue. Any shared printer is also likely to be networked so the network speed in the office is also a factor

Cost Considerations

In additional to the initial purchase cost, there is of course the cost of consumables such as ink cartridges and toner which also require budgeting. The twin costs of initial purchase (or lease) plus consumables and maintenance are defined as the Total Cost of Ownership, and requires a careful projection of costs over the life-cycle of the equipment.

Support and Supplier Backup

All printers come with a basic warranty or guarantee that entitles the purchaser up to one year return to base servicing and repairs. It is wise and useful to arrange additional cover and a service plan to suit the capacity and work-expectations of the printer.

Green Credentials

Protecting the environment is a crucial issue these days, and taking advice whilst looking for the most energy-efficient options makes sound business sense. Doing this should also save money in terms of running costs at least. Questions to ask are - What sort of power consumption and stand-by power-down features does the printer have? Is it easy to print in double-sided (duplex) mode? Can consumables such as laser drums and ink cartridges be recycled? Is the printer RoHS-compliant (The RoHS Directive and the UK RoHS regulations came into force on 1 July 2006.)? And what steps does the supplier make to contribute towards the costs of disposal under the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive?




Jimi St. Pierre writes for several Office Equipment suppliers in the UK, including office printer supplier Officemagic. The Officemagic range of inkjet, laser and multifunctional printers can be found at => http://www.officemagic.co.uk





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Saturday, 23 July 2011

Science Teachers Use New Technology to Make Science Fun


A special hands on Science and Technology workshop is coming to San Antonio, Texas. This workshop is for science teachers and designed for them to learn more about the new technologies that have came out that make science more hands on. Currently, Science programs have labs once and a while, but mostly consist of bookwork. By introducing science teachers to these new technologies, they are able to create more fun and interactive science lessons.

Science is supposed to be a hands on subject. The fact that schools are creating lesson plans ore around bookwork doesn't help students fully understand the capabilities that science careers have to offer. When the teachers go to this Science and Technology workshop, this will give them more information to pass onto their students about the exciting things science careers have to offer. When teachers offer more labs and more hands on science training, it helps the students to learn better. Anything hands on is always better than bookwork. Of course, bookwork combined with labs is best. By adding technology to the labs, students are able to track data more efficiently and analyze it better.

When the teachers integrate the technology into the labs, students are amazing at how much more they can learn and track by having access to the science technology. The technology is said to enhance learning in chemistry, biology, physics, math, middle school science, physical science and earth science. It is so important for teachers to attend outside of school triaging and this Science and Technology Workshop is a great way to start.

Effective teachers are teachers that are constantly going out of their way to go above and beyond for their students. They are constantly attending trainings and seeking outside education to enhance their careers and give them tools to better their students and help learning be easier for them. No teacher likes to fail a student. They want their students to pay attention to what they are teaching, learn from them and score well on tests. Happy students in class create a healthy and thriving learning environment. Schools now a day lack the presence of effective teachers and it is so important for schools to hire great teachers. The union currently protects all the teachers who once were effective but have gotten lazy and are not anymore. How is this fair for the students?

A teacher that seeks outside education to better him or herself so they can be a better educator is great. Sadly it's rare for the United States schools to have a majority of effective teachers. By creating free workshops such as these, it give the teachers access to great tools that can better their teaching and create thriving learning environments for their students. Technology has come a long way and even since the teachers have graduated from college technology is ever changing! Its so important for these workshops to be readily available and also for schools to create workshops showing off the new technologies that have been invented to better their schools rating and their students test scores.




Patricia Hawke is a staff writer for Schools K-12, providing free, in-depth reports on all U.S. public and private K-12 schools. Patricia has a nose for research and writes stimulating news and views on school issues. For more information on Dallas schools visit San Antonio Private School Rankings and Public School Rankings





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Friday, 15 July 2011

The Relationship Between Science, Technology, and Society


Science and technology is the best thing society could ever ask for. Since the industrial revolution in the 18th century science has been in progress. Some sectors that have been boosted by science and technology are energy, physical sciences, information and communication. The society has greatly gained with the invention of technology.

Infrastructure in the society has grown with the help of science and technology. Modes of transport like electronic railway lines were realized and these actually benefited the society by offering them a better means of transport. In the past, almost everything was analog but thanks to the science and technology we are now being digitalized by the day. The invention of the telephone and radio services has broadened human communication.

Without society then there would be no science and technology and that is why the invention of certain tools and equipment have helped achieve big things. Society can not do without the industries we have today. The society needs science and technology. The creation of computers is work of art by individuals was a milestone that would come a long way in helping the society. A computer helps us to leverage ourselves by gaining valuable information that we can use to enrich our lives. The impact of science and technology can seriously be recognized. Many people around the world take for example scholars in colleges and universities have taken the lead examining the relationship between science and technology.

The evaluation of this relationship has emerged as an important area of research. Public interest groups and academic organizations throughout the world are recognizing the importance of STS. The reason is that people need to recognize that there are people who are affected by the science and technology. Controversies such as modified foods, stem cell research are the issues that have brought policy makers and scientists together to have a way forward on this.

Science and technology has actually largely contributed to the vision of man about himself. Science has been modified the opinion about the origin of man and place of origin too. Through the results of scientific discoveries the perception of man about his behavior and his place of origin has been modified diversly. Experiments in science today are in one way or another affecting the society.Take for example the experiment on cloning a human being. The experiment brought a lot of controversy since the society was skeptical about it.

How is science and technology related to society: The developing world has a long tradition of participatory action research, popular education and community organization joining up to solve some science and technology issues that affect the society. How is science and technology related to the society is something that is calling even for the government intervention. Science and technology related issues are actually been discussed worldwide today. Progress in this has resulted to the ability to produce diverse types of material items. Answering the question how science and technology is related to society.








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Wednesday, 13 July 2011

Renaissance Science and The Electromagnetic Technology of Platonic Love.


The Fullerene Chemistry life-science of the three 1996 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry was based upon the synergistic engineering principles of Buckminster Fuller, which challenged the basis of 20th Century science. Harvard University's Novatis Professor, Amy Edmonson in her online book titled 'The Fuller Explanation' explains that Buckminster Fuller derived his engineering principles from the mathematics of the Greek philosopher Plato. Most people have heard of the term 'Platonic love' and now that Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry has come into existence, we might ask the question, what practical engineering principles might be associated with Platonic love?

To answer that question we can examine how the new chemistry challenges the general understanding of modern science. The NASA High Energy Astrophysics Division library has published papers arguing that the Platonic tradition of Greek philosophy was based upon fractal geometrical logic. All life-sciences within the present accepted understanding of science, can only be about species moving toward extinction. This is because Einstein's 'Premier law of all Science' demands the total destruction of all life in the universe when all of its heat is radiated away into cold space. On the other hand, Plato's ethical logic is based upon fractal geometry, which we know extends life-science to infinity. The New Measurement of Humanity Project at the University of Florence, on September 24th 2010, was honoured with the Georgio Napolitano Medal on behalf of the Republic of Italy. The Project's upgrading of quantum mechanics to quantum biology, agreed with Plato's logic.

The practical engineering principles we seek, belongs to the difference between aesthetics and ethics. Ethics can now be considered to be part of science itself, rather that being considered to be only about how we use science. We can explain the difference in simplistic terms rather than complex electromagnetic biological terms that belongs to quantum biology. We know that the old chemistry we have, does indeed obey Einstein's law of Universal decay. However, we know from the discovery of Sir Isaac Newton's unpublished papers, discovered last century, that Newton held the firm conviction that a more profound natural philosophy existed to balance the energy decay of the mechanical universe. Newton's principles, responsible for this balance, belonged to Plato's lost 'Science for ethical ends'.

During the 18th Century, the philosopher Immanuel Kant defined aesthetics as the theory of art appreciation, but he also sought ethics technology from within the electromagnetic theories of his day, an electric motor to make the one we know as a child's toy by comparison. Kantian aesthetics in the 21st Century has become the basis of a moral logic to guide various types of organisations. An interest in ethical electromagnetic biological science is re-emerging, because of the new Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry.

Any aesthetic consciousness in the beauty of, say, a painting of a lovely mountain range with majestic waterfalls, is about seeing beauty in decay, the waterfalls are eating away at the structure of the mountain. The aesthetic feeling, therefore, belongs to the material world of destructive reality, but it inspires a peaceful harmonic creative intuition in the mind. The Nobel Laureate in Medicine, Svent-Gyoergyi, was so insistent that this material decay was balanced by the evolution of consciousness, that he called scientists who did not realise this, crazy apes and wrote a book with that title. We can now begin to think that the mental harmonics associated with mareialistc aesthetics and the evolution of the mind, might have some great universal ethical purpose and begin to look for the new technologies that Immanuel Kant intuitively glimpsed. This is about the optical spiritual, or holographic, engineering principles that Plato wrote about.

The harmonic balancing of the decay of matter with Sir Isaac Newton's more natural profound balancing philosophy, describes some sort of entanglement between the the energies of decay and evolving creative consciousness. This is known as quantum entanglement, a process existing between quantum mechanics and quantum biology. The biologist Dr Carl Johan Calleman, author of the book 'The Purposeful Universe' has quantised the functioning of the human cell. This allows us to identify the rather incredible nature of Immanuel Kant's sought for ethical electromagnetc ethical technology.

Dr Callerman notes that the male sperm propels itself to the ovum by a tiny electromagnetic motor, which is driving its tail. Upon entry to the ovum, the male motor morphs into a balanced Yin-Yang motor of life. This spark of life programs a universal message of evolution to the first bone created within the embryo, the sphenoid bone. The sphenoid vibrates with the seashell design of the inner ear, to provide the electromagnetic music of life that Plato referred to as Pythagoras' Music of the Spheres. Dr Richard Merrick of Texas University, in his book 'Interference' has mapped out the electromagnetic functioning of the Music of the Music of the Spheres within the functioning of evolving consciousness.

The Science-Art Research Centre of Australia discovered the mathematical structure of the Music of the Spheres governing the evolution of seashells through millions of years through space-time The discovery was reprinted by the worlds largest technological research institute IEEE SPIE Milestone Series in Washington in 1990. In 1995 the work won the Institute for Basic Research's Biology Prize for the discovery of new physics laws governing optimum biological growth and development through space-time. Since then, it has been discovered that the human sphenoid bone sings the same Music of the Spheres song of life, meaning that it is now possible to discover a practical technology from what was once called Plato's optical spiritual engineering principles.

The Science-Art Centre obtained experimental evidence by using special 3-D Glasses, of the existence of Plato's spiritual optics by discovering that, over the centuries some artists had unconsciously depicted holographic images into their paintings. The new technology is about humankind's evolving understanding of the nature of Einstien's protege, David Bohm's, infinite holographic universe. Now that the difference between aesthetics and ethics is understood, humankind is poised upon the threshold of what buckminster Fuller referred to as Uopia or Oblivion.

Within the Platonic tradition of Greek philosophy, Aristotle's ethical science was designed to become the basis of an ennobling medical politics for the health of the universe, so that the universe would not allow civilisation to become extinct. The Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry is part of that political medical science and it has no place for any aesthetic obsession to dominate politics or religious persuasions. For example, aesthetical appreciation of blond blue eyed people becoming a master race is not ethical, as also was using the aesthetics of Angel Physics to legalise the torture and burning alive of countless women and children as witches.

The 2008 Nobel Prize Winner in Medicine Dr Luc Montagnier, is among an emerging group of scholars who claim that evidence has been obtained to show that DNA can transport imprints of itself electromagnetically. To make teleportation ethical it would be necessary to change the general assumption that nature will find some way to cull overpopulation. Transparent global medical scientific research, available to the people must come into existence to allow ethical debate on such issues to occur. That very process, acting in defiance of being governed by the present understanding of unbalanced entropic decay, will demonstrate the existence of new technologies, for the betterment of the human condition, far beyond the ability of an entropic mindset to even imagine.

Professor Robert Pope (C)




http://www.science-art.com.au

Professor Robert Pope is the Director of the Science-Art Research Centre of Australia, Uki, NSW, Australia. The Center's objective is to initiate a second Renaissance in science and art, so that the current science will be balanced by a more creative and feminine science. More information is available at the Science-Art Centre website: http://www.science-art.com.au/books.html

Professor Robert Pope is a recipient of the 2009 Gold Medal Laureate for Philosophy of Science, Telesio Galilei Academy of Science, London. He is an Ambassador for the Florentine New Measurement of Humanity Project, University of Florence, is listed in Marquis Who's Who of the World as an Artist-philosopher, and has received a Decree of Recognition from the American Council of the United Nations University Millennium Project, Australasian Node.

As a professional artist, he has held numerous university artist-in-residencies, including Adelaide University, University of Sydney, and the Dorothy Knox Fellowship for Distinguished Persons. His artwork has been featured of the front covers of the art encyclopedia, Artists and Galleries of Australia, Scientific Australian and the Australian Foreign Affairs Record. His artwork can be viewed on the Science-Art Centre's website.



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How Can We Encourage More Girls to Love Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM)?


Although improvements are being made with the increased involvement of women in science-related careers, there is still a significant under-representation of women, especially among minority women. There are a number of factors that contribute to this lack of women in science in our society, but most of these factors can be overcome to produce the next Anita Roberts, Sally Ride, Jane Goodall, Elizabeth Blackburn, or YOU.

According to a study entitled, Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) by Kristine De Welde @ Florida Gulf Coast University and Sandra Laursen & Heather Thiry @ University of Colorado at Boulder (2007), several key factors prevent girls from entering or being successful in STEM fields. First, they found that the classroom environments in schools were not conducive to encouraging girls to pursue interests in these types of careers. Another key factor was a lack of female role models who could provide encouragement and inspiration as well as demonstrate how to balance their lives between careers and family life. Other significant factors include girls not being well prepared for the demands of these fields as well as not being encouraged by people around them. Furthermore, these women experience more discrimination and bias against them in the workplace in both hiring practices and in opportunities for advancement. These discriminatory practices also include differences in salaries between women and their male counterparts as well as the practice of seeing women in these positions at a lower status than their male colleagues. Finally, it is more difficult in general for women in the workplace to balance careers and families, but it is even more so for STEM careers because they are often more time-consuming due to requiring extended education, and this can result in the sacrifice of family life or career goals for these women.

However, these factors don't have to squash a girl's dream to work in the variety of STEM careers. A survey study presented last month (March 2010) by Bayer Facts of Science Education XIV, released the main causes for the under-representation of female scientists in STEM careers as well as pointed out the key factors (both positive & negative) that influence girls and women as they journey through the education system and workforce. Their hope is that the results will help to "knock down the barriers and provide to all of our budding scientists and engineers the attitudes, behaviors, opportunities and resources that lead to success." (BFOSE XIV 2010)

The findings suggest that the lower numbers of women in STEM careers can be counteracted by certain changes. First of all, it is important for schools to have quality science programs that utilize hands-on materials and experiments, not just learning through textbooks. This is especially important in poorer school districts where these items may not be readily available. Educators should also be encouraged to provide more fun science classes and activities, and the district and community should support them and make the necessary resources available like BrainCake's The Girl Solution Gender Equity Tool Kit. These activities should also be geared more towards girl interests. Successful female scientists should be invited to speak to classes, and girl-centered science clubs like the GEMS club should be created to give them the confidence, support, and resources they need to achieve success. Furthermore, multi-media resources should be utilized to help make science come alive like watching renowned science programs on television or on DVD like PBS's NOVA and playing interactive games on the Internet like those found at Science News for Kids. Parents can also help encourage their daughters by purchasing science toys, kits, and equipment for them as well as help them to do simple experiments at home or for science fair projects. In addition, parents and educators can schedule trips to science museums & summer vacation science camps like Sally Ride's Camps as well as provide access to good female role models, mentors, & support groups. Finally, everyone can provide encouragement, help girls to set goals, and create opportunities for them to increase their positive science experiences and self-confidence. National Girls Collaborative Project and Expanding Your Horizons Network are two organizations that can help make this possible.

Another study published in February 2010 called Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics by Catherine Hill, Ph.D., Christianne Corbett, and Andresse St. Rose, Ed.D. focus on how families, schools, and communities can encourage girls to overcome obstacles to help them enter STEM careers. At the same time, in order to overcome the gender inequalities and societal stereotypes, it is important to believe that intelligence isn't fixed, but it is something that can be nurtured and grown which helps level the playing field and means that girls have just as much potential to learn and thrive in these fields as boys. Another important factor in improving girls' chances of excelling in these fields is to provide them with spatial training to increase their spatial skills. This can be done simply by encouraging them to build things, take them apart, and then put them back together again. Drawing and working with their hands on various projects will also help enhance their spatial abilities.

So how can we encourage more girls into STEM fields? The answers may seem simple, but history tells us that change isn't easy. The key is for us to change people's attitudes first and foremost which is probably one of the hardest things to do, but it will be well worth it if we do because it will allow us to tap into a reservoir of talented, creative female minds that can help us soar into the future. Then we have to provide the opportunities, experiences, skills, and resources that are necessary to get the job done. If we can't find any in our communities, then we need to look to other communities for help or start new ones, and the Internet is full of practically infinite resources that we could use to jump-start any idea or program. What are you waiting for?




Please visit my website [http://www.whizkidscientist.com] for science resources including science kits and toys, a monthly newsletter and kid's contest, as well as science fair tips and helpful links to other outstanding science-related websites for kids.



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